The US Interagency Working Party Sustainability Indicators proposed a set of 40 indicators relating to a variety of features of sustainability ( USIWPSI, 1998). The UN Mediterranean Sustainable Development Strategy proposed a set of 34 priority indicators toward SD in the Mediterranean region ( United Nations, 2005). The most recent UN publication for country sustainability proposed a set of 50 indicators that were part of a larger set of 96 indicators of SD ( United Nations, 2007). For example, the UN has published three sets of indicators of country SD in 1996, 2001, and 2007.
These indicators evaluate different thematic approaches to SD as perceived in different sectors not necessarily related to the mining industry. Over the ensuing years, numerous indicators of SD have been proposed on multiple spatial scales (global, regional, national, and community). Zacharias Agioutantis, in Rare Earths Industry, 2016 2 Sustainability IndicatorsĪgenda 21, the report of the United Nations (UN) Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Earth Summit) in 1992, recommended that countries develop criteria and indicators of sustainability ( UNCSD, 1992). Wide-scale ratification and implementation of the Basel Convention are essential to control international shipments of hazardous waste and assure their proper treatment and disposal. Recognizing that simple elimination of transport of wastes is not sufficient for environmental protection, the Basel Convention also encourages efforts to reduce waste generation, develop national self-sufficiency in hazardous waste disposal, and ensure environmentally sound treatment and disposal systems. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal controls transboundary movements of hazardous wastes through a system of prior notification and written consent. The prevention of illegal traffic in hazardous waste will benefit the environment and public health in all countries, especially developing countries.
Control of transboundary waste shipments and elimination of illegal international trafficĪgenda 21 points out that illegal traffic of hazardous wastes may cause serious threats to human health and the environment and impose a special burden on the countries that receive such shipments. Skinner, in Waste Management Series, 2004 VII.2.3.6.
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